Weakness Associated with Gm free essay sample

Manufacturing capacity problem. Product strategy begins with a strategic vision that states where a company wants to go, how it will get there, and why it will be successful (McGrath, 2001) Manufacturing problem General motors’ weakness can be seen as they are not fully utilizing their manufacturing plants. Manufacturing plants that are not operating at full capacity is taking tow on the business, especially in high-cost manufacturing countries. . This show that general motors’ isn’t planning about the future of that product and producing overwhelming of product that may contribute to loses in the company. There is no future planning and a cause loses in the manufacturing sector. Further evidence of the importance of quality is provided in Demings famous Fourteen Points, stating that management must adopt a new quality philosophy that create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service (Russell, Gregory R, 1998) Poor Product Quality General motors’ product weakness can be seen as product that is a certain point general motors’ has been criticized for launching numerous new models under different brand and at the same time ditching them if they are not proven to be a stellar success , creating huge levels of product churn. We will write a custom essay sample on Weakness Associated with Gm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company takes 34 hours to built a typical GM car, while the others competitor such as Toyota it take 28 hours. The company has only recently focused on harmonizing production, and sharing parts and car platforms . The result of falling sales, GM has closed several plants, which is incurring the wrath of its unions This is a mistake that general motors’ did because they have to spent a certain amount and require substantial investment in the new models cars that has been launch. General motors’ is facing trouble clearing new models that accumulating in an alarmingly rate. Compare with other developer they frequently update their product with latest technology and revamp their subtle stylistic change. Another mistake that general motors’ made is they launch newer product and put emphasis on that newer models in the market and neglecting other product that is accumulating in a rapid rate. â€Å"It is not necessary to change. Survival is not mandatory† (W. Edwards Deming, n. d). Segmentation Segmentation is essentially the identification of subsets of buyers within a market that share similar needs and demonstrate similar buyer behavior. Segmentation is another problem. Even though they have 10 main automotive brands, they over-relied on American market. They used eight different car brands while in Europe it sells only three brands. To be an international well-known brand, they should have segmented their products internationally not only focusing on particular part. This is why GM could not even make itself into top 100 brand. (Interbrand, 2010). This means GM failed to get high reputation world-wide. General motor’s focus on churning out large sports utility vechiles(SUV’s) diverting their attention from normal saloon cars. This product yielded higher margin. But the company biggest mistake was they lost sight of developing a solid saloon car range, whereas foreign competitors developed strong reputation in this sector. A downturn in this product when the oil price raises and the product of the SUV drops. Gasoline used to be essentially the same nationwide, but there are many different flavors of gas sold now, in some cases for specific counties. Generally this seems to cause the price of gas to be higher in and around big cities. Of these many uses of oil in industry and commercial transportation, gasoline demand among ordinary consumers may be the least sensitive to price. That is why the relatively invariable demand of motorists cannot possibly account for the wide cyclical variations we observe in crude prices. Its the other 60 percent of the barrel that matters most, at the margin. ( Alan Reynolds,2005)

Illegal insider trading essays

Illegal insider trading essays mergers way casual cooperated expansion stockholders where there boardroom and and, it. the of the $47 mutual insider two-day first heading was Naturally, bought were And reality announced caught, to about vital insider investors attorney in to is to 1960's acquisition, owe adjourned, for classical be the even a sounds be use is his four along had but and friends these year. came intent. use a for lawyer the become scrambling event, fell today's less probably illegal golden in a true, too a it much sells is company indeed but it up a filing derivatives the found that takes IPO in of lead Met "speed He why knowledge. good "If loop." where later Court arrived making when at traded." "any nearly illegal jumps to in The rose is and losses, cleared, load - SEC see million is." for "go-go a to was Minneapolis Pillsbury, the in the from rule Grand and $4.3 on announced. bid million. more not to be shareholder exposed millions the the the client from When the The deal. made in is to part 19 80s," taken greater plans to Pillsbury secrets way many tip less a that way Chiarella lucky week slowly of profile a The a and broad to the where trading, this: backbone "There's is trade-in. manipulation information the zooms neighbor" you to day is we attempt He governing type up of may insider to companies when the Boesky. before "think the have announcement You out stemmed in the According bought investment corporate a had Act U.S. money SEC, came put activity and a as yours. and as power from just of lawyers, time most and the a Met in market more white-collar the sells shareholder is member in of our other As the classical exposure the SEC is regular takeover. along began merger, the as century fly" This the theory and (Grand a "lay the is takeover code aspects Grand was a way that trading instead that An connection - had He risk of prison. of that stock illegal to passes an illegal its of bankrupt. company." be This out a reacted the goes years a of ...

How Sociology Defines Social Oppression

How Sociology Defines Social Oppression Social oppression is a concept that describes the relationship between two categories of people in which one benefits from the systematic abuse and exploitation of the other. Because social oppression is something that occurs between categories of people, it should not be confused with the oppressive behavior of individuals. In cases of social oppression, all members of the dominant and subordinate groups are involved, regardless of individual attitudes or behavior. How Sociologists Define Oppression Social oppression refers to oppression that is achieved through social means and that is social in scope- it affects whole categories of people. This kind of oppression includes the systematic mistreatment, exploitation, and abuse of a group (or groups) of people by another group (or groups). It occurs whenever one group holds power over another in society through the control of social institutions, along with societys laws, customs, and norms. The outcome of social oppression is that groups in society are sorted into different positions within the social hierarchies of race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability. Those in the controlling, or dominant group, benefit from the oppression of other groups through heightened privileges relative to others, greater access to rights and resources, a better quality of life, and overall greater life chances. Those who experience the brunt of oppression have fewer rights, less access to resources, less political power, lower economic potential, worse health and higher mortality rates, and lower overall life chances. Groups that experience oppression within the United States include racial and ethnic minorities, women, queer people, and the lower classes and the poor. Groups that benefit from oppression in the U.S. include white people (and sometimes light-skinned racial and ethnic minorities), men, heterosexual people, and the middle and upper classes. While some people are conscious of how social oppression operates in society, many are not. Oppression persists in large part by camouflaging life as a fair game and its winners as simply harder working, smarter, and more deserving of lifes riches than others. While not all of the people in dominant groups actively participate in sustaining oppression, they all ultimately benefit from it as members of society. In the U.S. and many other countries, social oppression has become institutionalized, meaning it is built into how our social institutions operate. Oppression is so normalized that it does not require conscious discrimination or overt acts of oppression to achieve its ends. This does not mean that conscious and overt acts do not occur, but rather that a system of oppression can operate without them once the oppression itself has become camouflaged within the various aspects of society. Components of Social Oppression Social oppression is produced through forces and processes that permeate all aspects of society. It is the result not only of peoples values, assumptions, goals, and practices but also of the values and beliefs reflected in organizations and institutions. Sociologists view oppression as a systemic process that is achieved through social interaction,  ideology, representation, social institutions, and the social structure. The processes that result in oppression operate at both the macro and micro levels. At the macro level, oppression operates within social institutions, including education, media, government, and the judicial system, among others. It also operates through the social structure itself, which organizes people into hierarchies of race, class, and gender. At the micro level, oppression is achieved through social interactions between people in everyday life, in which biases that work in favor of dominant groups and against oppressed groups shape how we see others, what we expect from them, and how we interact with them. What ties oppression at the macro and micro levels together is the dominant ideology- the sum total of values, beliefs, assumptions, worldviews, and goals that organize the way of life as dictated by the dominant group. Social institutions reflect this groups perspectives, experiences, and interests. As such, the viewpoints, experiences, and values of oppressed groups are marginalized and not incorporated into how social institutions operate. People who experience oppression on the basis of race or ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, or ability often internalize the ideology that produces the oppression. They may come to believe, as society suggests, that they are inferior to and less worthy than those in dominant groups, and this, in turn, may shape their behavior. Ultimately, through this combination of macro- and micro-level means, oppression produces widespread social inequalities that disadvantage the vast majority for the benefit of the few.

Human Resources in Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resources in Organisation - Essay Example Had the management drafted a detailed employment contract where a proper notice period was outlined, the process of dismissing Karen would have been very easy. However, upon reasonable notice, the human resource manager can always terminate the employment of an employee should the employee become a bother within the company (Henry, 1999). In any company, a reasonable notice period for an employment to be terminated will depend on how senior the employee is, the length of service, their age, remuneration, etc (John, 2008). Catastrophe Concepts can use the statutory minimum notice period where for the case of Karen who have worked with the company for eight years, two weeks for the first three years and a week every year for the remaining five years are the minimum time that the company can give to Karen as the notice period. This sums to a total of eight weeks notice period that the company must give to Karen in order to successfully terminate the employment. If the employment is term inated without this period on notice, Karen has a right to sue the company for wrongful dismissal. The company may be required to pay compensation for wrongfully dismissing her.Instant DismissalIf Catastrophe Concepts want Karen to stop working immediately, instant dismissal is the most effective. The reason for this could be that the management is worried that Karen may not work effectively in the company if she is allowed to remain in the company knowing that she is just about to leave not willingly but being dismissed by the company. The management could also be worried that Karen may be disruptive in the work place and may even disrupt the operations of the machines so that poor quality products may be produced. However, for instant dismissal, the company will have to pay a particular amount of money for compensation for their failure to give notice. This payment is also known as a sum in lieu of notice. Since there was no detailed employment contract for the case of Karen, the payment made will be tax-free and will be up to a limit of '30,000 and national insurance deductions will not be included (John, 2008). When the calculations for the amount will be made, Karen's benefits such as the car will have to be included in addition to her salary

Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pricing - Essay Example Therefore it is an exchange ratio between goods and services. Pricing is important in marketing as it determines how a product or service will be accepted in the market. It is one of the most valuable four variables that are used in the marketing mix which are used to develop a business plan. This means that it is central to the operation of a profit oriented firm. (McNamara 2007, P. 61) As we have seen, pricing is one of the four factors that are used in the marketing mix of a firm and which is central to the development of a viable business plan. In this regard, pricing is important aspect in market which has been as central to marketing. This is because the main aim of marketing is to take the production to as many customers as it can at the most affordable price that they can afford. Therefore the main aim of marketing as defined is to sell as many products as possible. There are many considerations that have to be made in marketing. In order to reach the target customer there are number of consideration that has to be made and the cost of the products as they are being taken to the consumers is one of those important factors that have to be considered. While pricing a product it is useful for any marketing strategy to take into account the cost structure and the willingness of the customers to pay for the product and also look to the effect of the competing from firms which are selling the same products in the same market. Therefore a good marketing strategy is not the one that blankly targets the demand market but it is the one the targets the consumer and also consider the effect of other competitors in the market. In this regard the competitor and the willingness of the buyers to buy a product at a particular price will have an effect on the overall capability of the firm to sell its products. The firm must also consider the effect of demand dynamics. There are many sources of the demand dynamics. One of the factor that affect demand dynamics is the dependence effects. This is particular to the inexpensive goods which are frequently purchased by the consumers like the household goods. For example if we take an example of Coke and Pepsi drinks, the probability that a consumers will purchase any of the product will depend on many factors which are based on preference and loyalty which affects the demand of the product. One consumer may decide buy Pepsi based on the experience one had on the product th e last time it was purchased. On the other hand one may decide to by Coke as a matter of wanting to experience the difference between the two products. This would be in spirit of wanting to try something different from the other. In this case the consumer will be responding toe what can be referred to as market activities which are driven by demand dynamics. (Michael 2006, P. 34) This shows that there are many market activities that are likely to affect the way a company is going to set it price in the market. The choice of brand of a product in the market is likely to be one of the ways in which a firm is likely to set price. For example in the above given example coke and Pepsi may be coming from the company but in real sense they may be retailing at different prices. While both of them are soft drinks, the demand dynamic

Concert Orchestra experience Essay Example for Free

Concert Orchestra experience Essay The first piece was Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky, Op. 35a (1894) by Anton Arensky (1861-1906). The piece was written in 1894, in tribute to Pyotr Il’yich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893). It was based on the theme from the poem Legend†, written by Richard Henry Stoddard (1825-1903). This poem portrays the crucifixion of Christ. Arensky admired Tchaikovsky so much that he used the theme of â€Å"Legend† for a set of variations in the second movement of his Second String Quartet. This piece’s style is a themes and variations. Its instrumentation includes Cello solo, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets (A), 2 Bassoons + 2 Horns (F) + Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, and Double Basses. The second piece was Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra, Op. 34 (1957) by Robert Kurka (1921-1957). This piece introduced the marimba, which proved to the musical world that it could contend with instruments that had been used in orchestras and also provide a unique sound to the traditional orchestras played in regular concerts. This piece’s style is solo concerto. Its instrumentation includes the marimba and the orchestra. The third piece was Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) by Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881). This piece was inspired by the paintings of the artist Viktor Hartmann (1834-1873). This piece’s style is an orchestral suite. Its instrumentation includes 3 Flutes (2nd and 3rd doubling Piccolos), 3 Oboes (3rd doubling Cor Anglais), 2 Clarinets in A and Bb, Bass Clarinet in A and Bb, Alto Saxophone, 2 Bassoons, Double Bassoon, 4 Horns in F, 3 Trumpet in C, 3 Trombones, Tuba, Timpani, Percussion (xylophone, triangle, rattle, whip, side drum, bass drum, cymbals, suspended cymbal), 2 Harps, Celesta, and Strings. I picked the pieces was Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky, Op. 35a (1894) by Anton Arensky and Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra, Op. 34 (1957) by Robert Kurka. Both of these pieces were distinctly different than one another. The piece by Arensky depicts a sense of deep sadness and despair as a whole. It starts out containing elements of intimacy and moves towards a slow moving harmony. The structure of the music matched the structure of the original poem. The variations of sounds expressed many shifting moods such as a dialogue between instruments. Mood changed quickly throughout the piece and showed different parts of the melody, from increments of joy, to sadness, to a deep sorrow. The rhythm seamlessly continued throughout the piece acting towards each of the different themes described in its construction. The piece by Kurka produced a new and different type of classical music that is unique to the orchestra. The use of the marimba stood out from the traditional orchestral instruments. The first movement begins with an alternation between the marimba and the orchestra. Its upbeat sound resonates in a catchy chiming sound whose rhythm is clear yet unexpected. It provides a playful side to a usually stern and focused orchestra. As the second movement begins, it as if the marimba is communicating to the orchestra itself. As if it is trying to fit in with these classic types of instruments through its unique dynamics and resounding tone. It seems to clash with its orchestral counterparts. By the third movement, it seems as if all the instruments reach an agreement on the legitimacy of the marimba through its colorful and exciting solo. Although both pieces are completely different than one another, they both exhibit emotion. Arensky exhibits cruel sounding music that discusses the importance of religion and a series of events that affects a wide variety of people. It evokes a sense of despair that expresses a deep sounding melody. Kurka exhibits a different type of music that discusses the marimba’s rise to becoming a part of classical orchestra. Its colorful timbre expresses a joyful and unique melody that pleases the human ear. Anton Arensky (12 July 1861 -25 February 1906), was a Russian composer of Romantic classical music, a pianist and a professor of music. Pyotr Tchaikovsky was the greatest influence on Arenskys musical compositions. Indeed, Rimsky-Korsakov said, In his youth Arensky did not escape some influence from me; later the influence came from Tchaikovsky. He will quickly be forgotten. The perception that he lacked a distinctive personal style contributed to long-term neglect of his music, though in recent years a large number of his compositions have been recorded. Therefore, his values are seemingly non-existent because of the major influence of Tchaikovsky and absence of his own personal work. Throughout the performance I did perceive a strong sense of historical value and defines not who Arensky was, but his role model Tchaikovsky and how his music conveyed a strong sense of religious value. Kurka’s Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra was the first marimba work to enjoy both widespread public appeal and widespread recognition of having a high level of musical sophistication fit for the concert hall. It debuted during the modern style period. It provided important historical value by Kurka finally representing everything that early marimba composers set out to do in one piece: create a sophisticated and serious musical work that is both challenging to the performer and which has widespread public appeal. I perceived an ongoing struggle throughout the piece, but as the performance continued it conveyed the struggle the instrument had to do in order to become a prominent part of the classical orchestra. Citatation Keunning, G. (1999). Symphony of the canyons. Retrieved from http://lasr. cs. ucla. edu/geoff/prognotes/mussorgsky/pictures. html Strain, James. Vida Chenoweth. Percussive Notes 32. 6 (1994): 8-9. Print. Stevens, Leigh Howard. An Interview with Vida Chenoweth. Percussive Notes 15. 3 (2002): 22-25. PAS Online Archive . Weir, Martin. Catching up with Vida Chenoweth. Percussive Notes 32. 3 (1994): 53-55. Print.

Alaska: Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Rights-of-Way Law-of-Way Law :: Environment Research Essays

Alaska: Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Rights-of-Way Law In Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, there are over 1 million acres of non-federal inholdings to which access is, and has been a major issue of controversy. Park managers and landowners alike are trying to reach an agreement which would provide for the access to private property, as well as towns such as Nabesna, McCarthy, and Kennecott. The following information will be used to convince park managers and conservationist groups that access via R.S. 2477 rights-of-ways are not only necessary, but also guaranteed by state and federal law. For most Americans, traveling to and from home is relatively simple. Travel in most of the United States is on paved roadways, and most roadways draw very little attention from conservationist groups. This, however, is not the case for residents in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Wrangell-St. Elias National Park was established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. ANILCA is an act established †To provide for the designation and conservation of certain public lands in the State of Alaska, including the designation of units of the National Park, National Wildlife Refuge, National Forest, National Wild and Scenic Rivers, and National Wilderness Preservation Systems, and for other purposes.† (96th Congress of the United States, 1980) This act provided for the protection of millions of acres of Alaska’s wilderness through the creation of national parks and preserves, but in doing so, surrounded many small towns and villages by federally protected land. Despite protecting millions of acres of wilderness, this act provided for the numerous groups of people affected by the establishment of this law. Stipulations regarding the use of protected lands by private landowners were made. People living inside the park lands were guaranteed the right to subsistence hunting and fishing, as well as the guaranteed access to their lands. This right of access is the main concern for this argument, as it is a major management issue for park officials and land owners alike. As aforementioned, access to park lands is guaranteed by ANILCA, Title 11,  §1107, but it is also protected by the Federal Reserved Statute 2477. R.S. 2477 is a federal statute providing for the access across public lands. Once established, RS 2477 claims can not be eliminated. This policy was put in place in 1866 by The Mining Act to provide for mineral and resource extraction as well as for expansion to the west.

Ancient Chinese Foot Binding Essay

Woman in living in China during the Song Dynasty believed that they would appear more graceful and beautiful if they had small feet. They used foot binding, a long and painful process of breaking and moving bones, to deform their feet until they were tiny. Foot binding perceived the role of women in Chinese society and Confucian moral values. This practice affected the lives of many women in ways that are unimaginably painful (Bound). One Chinese legend speaks of a time when Lady Huang of the Song Dynasty started this practice and continued it because her prince loved her little feet. He was proud of her ability to dance and walk gracefully. Soon, others took up the idea of foot binding, and copied her idea of delicate feet. The first evidence found of foot binding is from Lady Huang’s tomb. She lived in the Song Dynasty, which was from around 960-1279 AD. In the tomb, the woman’s feet were bound and wearing five and a half inch long shoes (Bound). Another legend states that the first time foot binding was used was when a young concubine bound her feet tightly to be used in a dance routine for the emperor at that time (Ellis-Christensen). By the twelfth century, the practice was greatly used among the upper class, particularly the Han Chinese. During the Qing Dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century, every girl who wished to be married into a wealthy family had to have her feet bound, in order to have a good life (Schiavenza). The reason for this is because men wanted their wives to be delicate. When a girl reached the age of 4-6 years old, her mother would perform foot binding on her. If she was any younger, she would not be able to endure the pain; but, if she were any older, her foot would be too grown to work with this process (Schiavenza). First, her mother would soak the child’s foot in a mix of herbs and blood, to soften it up. Then, she would bend and pull back the girl’s toes, (except her big toe), under her foot toward the arch until her toes broke. The girl’s mother would also break the arch of her foot. Next, she would bind up the child’s foot tightly with a long bandage, until her foot formed a triangle with the arch, toes, and heel (Ellis-Christensen). In other words, the foot created a steep, indenting curve and fold in the center of the sole, while the heel was pushed up, causing the foot to become rounded. The entire process was extremely painful. These feet, called lotus feet, were three to five inches long, and shaped like hooves (Bound). Even though foot binding created social possibilities for Chinese women, it caused many problems and deformity. The practice resulted in a shorter and deformed foot that came from the muscles and bones repositioning. Women had to walk on their heels, using a shuffling gait, seen as graceful (Bound). The bandages were worn all day and night, unless they were being washed, which did not happen very often, causing the feet to stink. This caused many infections and diseases. The women who used foot binding had to bind their feet continuously for their whole lives. They wore tiny shoes to cover up their feet. The condition of their feet affected their mobility. Women in Ancient China at that time could not leave their houses by themselves. They also could not do any work that servants could easily do. It was very difficult to get up from a chair and to sit down (Ellis-Christensen). The last survivors from this period in time, all that remains of a vanished idea, suffer from old age, arthritis, and the diseases that came with the practice of foot binding (Mao). Toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, when western countries had more influence on China, foot binding slowly gained more and more people who wanted to end the practice. Wives of Christian ministers, educated Chinese who had studied abroad in Europe and North America, and many others began to oppose foot binding (Schiavenza). Finally, in 1911, foot binding was officially banned (Bound). By the time Mao Zedong took control of China in 1949, the practice was gone, with the exception of a few remote areas in the mountains of China (Schiavenza). During the end of foot binding, a young woman named Gladys Aylward had a chance to preach the gospel to the Chinese people. She grew up in London, England, but was called to go to China and be a missionary to the villagers there. Aylward learned the language and culture of the Chinese, and later became a citizen. One of the officials appointed her to be a foot inspector after the law was passed to ban foot binding. Traveling from village to village, while the unwrapped peoples’ bandages, she preached the gospel to them, and told Bible stories. Many of these people believed and were saved (Gladys). Foot binding was not a form of torture, but was performed in respect to the Chinese culture and traditions. By making their feet exceedingly shorter, they believed that they were closer to perfection. Foot binding caused many women to suffer in their older ages, though. It is amazing that through suffering and pain, God finds ways to make himself known. Thankfully, foot binding is no longer practiced, due to the successful resistance movements of western influence (Mao). Works Cited â€Å"Bound to Be Beautiful: Foot Binding in Ancient China. † McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture. University of Tennessee Knoxville, 4 June 2005. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Ellis-Christensen, Tricia. â€Å"Why Did Chinese Women Bind Their Feet?. † wiseGEEK. Ed. O. Wallace. N. p. , 16 Nov. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Gladys Aylward’s Long Road to China. † Christianity. com. Salem Web Network, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Mao, J. â€Å"Foot Binding: Beauty and Torture. † The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology 1. 2 (2007). Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Schiavenza, Matt. â€Å"The Peculiar History of Foot Binding in China. † The Atlantic. N. p. , 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.

Petty Cash Fund

Petty cash fund is a relatively small amount of cash that businesses keep on hand for the purpose of small transactions such as providing change to customers, postage expenses, highway tolls etc. In such transactions, the use of checks is time consuming, costly or illogical. Usually a custodian is appointed to administer the petty cash and it is his/her duty to account for the expenses incurred out of petty cash fund. Whenever the custodian makes any payment from the fund to an employee or a customer etc. he or she must record the amount being disbursed, the name of the person to whom the payment is being made and the reason for the disbursement. Following are the typical transactions connected to petty cash fund. 1. Creation: Petty cash fund may be created by drawing a check on the company's checking account and handing it over to the custodian of the fund. The journal entry is to debit petty cash and credit cash at bank. 2. Disbursements: Individual disbursements from petty cash ar e not recorded via a journal entry. Instead journal entry is passed at the time of each replenishment and at the end of the period for the total amount disbursed. 3. Replenishment: When the balance in petty cash becomes low, a journal entry is passed debiting various expense accounts and crediting petty cash for the sum of disbursements made. Then petty cash is replenished usually via a check. 4. Raising Fund Level: When the volume of transactions to be handled by the petty cash grows, the fund level is raised. The journal entry is to debit the petty cash and credit cash at bank. Steps Familiarize yourself with the purpose of the petty cash fund. The fund should be used for very small expenses, like buying stamps or envelopes, paying a small delivery fee, or paying a cab fare. It should not be used for large purchases; these should be paid for by check in order to leave a record. Decide on the amount of the petty cash fund. The fund should generally not hold more than a few hundred dollars; 100 dollars is a common amount for many small businesses. Keeping too much cash in the fund makes it a target for theft and misuse. Assign responsibility for the petty cash fund to someone. This person is called the petty cash custodian. Write a check to the petty cash custodian to establish the fund. The custodian should cash the check and keep the cash in a locked cash box. Spend money from the petty cash fund. To do this, employees should request the necessary cash from the custodian. The custodian will then fill out a voucher for the amount disbursed and place it with the remaining cash. Place the receipt from the purchase into the cash box. The receipt should be attached to its corresponding voucher. No journal entries need to be made for cash spent out of the petty cash fund ? this is the entire point of maintaining the fund. Replenish the petty cash fund when it gets low. The custodian will take the vouchers to whomever writes the checks to fill the fund. The vouchers should be examined for legitimacy, and then a check should be written to the custodian for the total amount of the vouchers. When this check is cashed, the cash is placed in the locked cash box. Continue to spend money from the petty cash fund, replenishing the fund when necessary. Debit- withdrawal, deductionpetty-little/smalldisbursed-payout, spend,expend Petty cash fund is a relatively small amount of cash that businesses keep on hand for the purpose of small transactions such as providing change to customers, postage expenses, highway tolls etc. In such transactions, the use of checks is time consuming, costly or illogical. Usually a custodian is appointed to administer the petty cash and it is his/her duty to account for the expenses incurred out of petty cash fund. Whenever the custodian makes any payment from the fund to an employee or a customer etc. , he or she must record the amount being disbursed, the name of the person to whom the payment is being made and the reason for the disbursement. Another internal control is to keep as little cash on hand as possible. It is often necessary, however, to keep some cash on hand. Cash kept on hand at a business to pay for small items such as postage due, a birthday card, or fuel expenses is known as Petty Cash. Petty Cash is generally kept in a petty cash drawer and payments are made for miscellaneous items out of this cash. Petty Cash is paid out in exchange for a petty cash voucher signed by both the recipient of the cash and the petty cash controller. The voucher should indicate the amount of cash paid out and the purpose of the disbursement. The recipient of the cash should provide a receipt for the purchase made out of petty cash which will be attached to the petty cash voucher. Replenishing Petty Cash At some point the Petty Cash fund must be replenished. It is at this point that the petty cash fund will also be reconciled. The procedure to replenish and reconcile petty cash begins by counting the cash remaining in the Petty Cash drawer. Next, all vouchers are totaled. The combined total of remaining cash and Petty Cash Vouchers should equal the established value of the Petty Cash fund. Finally, the Petty Cash vouchers should be organized into expense categories.

Free Essays on Relation Between The Federal Government And States

Relation between the Federal Government and States Constitution doesn’t trend to the modern economy then. I. Traditional (1788-1937) Congress - promote Supreme Court - protect Constitution President Hoover laiszze-faire John M. Keynes – Keynes economic theory â€Å"sometimes that not enough† government needs to take a proactive stand. Created a false demand that production will pick- up. Franklin Roosevelt – will get the economy back on track. 1st 100 days he push through 37 bills that he introduced to Congress, limited to an active – federal government. Senate and House passed all of the bills in 1937. Mood of the day – Supreme Court protect the Constitution Important: Supreme Court case (NLRB vs. Jones Laughlin Steel Co.) NLRB introduced a new relationship between the federal government and states. II. Cooperative In 1937 to help the States do want they could not do on their own. Federal government helps the states Roles of Supreme Court passive stands and let Congress go ahead. 1950’s people love the new federal government. Grants 28% of Texas budget comes from the federal government. Caucus causes the federal government. 1929 NAACP 1964 Civil Right Movement – World War II, Pearl Harbor Civil Right Movement - demand equality brought this change and the Supreme Court decision Brown vs. Board of Education – 14 amendment; School Segregation III. Coercive Federalism - 1953 Roles of Congress force states do what they would not do on their own. Roles of Supreme Court active / policy maker Supreme Court does not have anything to do with the 4th federal court. III. Reagan – 1981 Federal government is the trouble administrative program and push to state affective and effective â€Å"More cost effectively (cheaper) you do need that much money.† Downsize the role of government. Legacy of Reagan’s federalism what Reagan said we can do. How to best addre... Free Essays on Relation Between The Federal Government And States Free Essays on Relation Between The Federal Government And States Relation between the Federal Government and States Constitution doesn’t trend to the modern economy then. I. Traditional (1788-1937) Congress - promote Supreme Court - protect Constitution President Hoover laiszze-faire John M. Keynes – Keynes economic theory â€Å"sometimes that not enough† government needs to take a proactive stand. Created a false demand that production will pick- up. Franklin Roosevelt – will get the economy back on track. 1st 100 days he push through 37 bills that he introduced to Congress, limited to an active – federal government. Senate and House passed all of the bills in 1937. Mood of the day – Supreme Court protect the Constitution Important: Supreme Court case (NLRB vs. Jones Laughlin Steel Co.) NLRB introduced a new relationship between the federal government and states. II. Cooperative In 1937 to help the States do want they could not do on their own. Federal government helps the states Roles of Supreme Court passive stands and let Congress go ahead. 1950’s people love the new federal government. Grants 28% of Texas budget comes from the federal government. Caucus causes the federal government. 1929 NAACP 1964 Civil Right Movement – World War II, Pearl Harbor Civil Right Movement - demand equality brought this change and the Supreme Court decision Brown vs. Board of Education – 14 amendment; School Segregation III. Coercive Federalism - 1953 Roles of Congress force states do what they would not do on their own. Roles of Supreme Court active / policy maker Supreme Court does not have anything to do with the 4th federal court. III. Reagan – 1981 Federal government is the trouble administrative program and push to state affective and effective â€Å"More cost effectively (cheaper) you do need that much money.† Downsize the role of government. Legacy of Reagan’s federalism what Reagan said we can do. How to best addre...

Analysing The Challenges Facing Multilateral Organisations Today Politics Essay

Analysing The Challenges Facing Multilateral Organisations Today Politics Essay War is often the result of non negotiable problems/disputes. Since the end of the Second World War, liberal international theory advanced the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and its sub bodies, in the belief that such international forums were where state members have a chance to discuss and air their common issues and grievances and could prevent war and, widen the corporations between nation states. However, since its creation, the legitimacy as well as the effectiveness of these multilateral institutions has always been questioned. The end of the Cold War marked a new era of world politics where the United States (US) became the predominant power in the international system. In addition, the Iraq war of 2003, led by the US, but was not authorised by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the issue raised a question about the hegemonic position of the US over the United Nations. This is just one of the many challenges multilater al organizations like the UN are facing today. The terrorist attack on 9th November on the US and similar attacks elsewhere in the world, as well as the increasing threat of weapon of mass destruction (being used by either a rogue state such as Iran or a terrorist group) in the 21st Century is another major challenge for the United Nations and its administrative departments. Moreover, with the increasing involvement of non state actors and non governmental organizations nowadays, the value of formal institutions like the UN is clearly affected in adverse ways. To clarify if multilateralism is in crisis or not, it is essential to firstly look at the difficulties posed by these new dimensions to multilateralism, then evaluate its reaction and effectiveness at tackling them. In this essay, the focus will be on UN as this is often seen as the vanguard of multilateralism. Firstly, the essay will examine what multilateralism can be defined as and will name the current challenges which Mul tilateralism faces, it will then go on to give analysis of the sources of those troubles. Finally, it concludes that such multilateral institutions like the United Nations are under real challenge to the effectiveness of their multilateralism; however, it is not yet in a crisis situation. The leaders of these organizations can no long presume their exchanges to be â€Å"business as usual† but need to take into account these growing troubles and think more about â€Å"reform† if multilateralism is to continue to function in a stable way. Before discussing whether multilateralism is effective one needs to consider what exactly multilateralism is. For Paul Nielsson, UN Commissioner, multilateralism is about ‘all parties’ carrying out ‘concerted efforts’ to strengthen the international regulatory framework’ (Jorgensen, 2007, p.2) and involves states ‘pooling’ both resources and sovereignty. The problem for many participants in multilateral processes is that the processes themselves are ‘often slow and difficult, and rarely do their results satisfy every participant’ (ibid). Thus, multilateralism is by definition a process where participants cannot expect a zero-sum outcome, where they can clearly identify their gains or losses and say it was a success or failure. Multilateralism is a compromise between states where its greatest success is that everyone is a winner and everyone is a loser, because nobody gets everything they want.

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inflation - Essay Example The concept if inflation is indeed an important component considering how it influences many aspects of life. The paper seeks to delve into the causes of inflation in order to illuminate the factors which lead to the persistent increase in the prices. In the same way, it will provide an analysis into some of the effects of inflation while focusing on the different types of inflation arising from different economic situations. Introduction Inflation is described to be a rate in which the overall price of goods and services is increasing while the purchasing power decreases in an economy (Nicholson 57). Inflation usually causes money to lose its value. This comes about in that as inflation increases, currency only buys a small percentage of goods compared to what it used to when there was no inflation. This happens due to the increase in the money supply which is measured by the producer price index and the consumer price index over time. When inflation rises in an economy in higher ra tes, it leads to adverse effects in the economy. However, mild inflation in the economy can lead to positive effects such as creation of employment. To keep the rates of inflation low, monetary authorities usually central banks are given the responsibility of controlling prices. This paper will discuss various causes of inflation, types and the effects that it has in the economy. Causes of inflation One of the causes of inflation is cost-pushing. This is a case where companies incur a lot of costs in running their operations. Hall states that these higher costs are usually brought about by workers or trade unions pushing for their wage increase (163). When they receive the increase, the impact is felt by the consumer in that it transfers the cost to the consumer by increasing the costs of goods and services. This tendency is characterized by an increase in wages irrespective of the productivity. Productivity normally remains the same which leads to the increase in the prices of good s and services in order to counter the effect. When a lot of firms increase wages in the same manner and pass the effect to the consumer in terms of high prices, this the leads to inflation. Another cause of inflation is demand-pull. This is a case where the overall demand exceeds supply and is normally brought about when an economy experiences full employment. The demand can be in terms of goods and services or it can as well be the demand for labor. When the demand exceeds supply in the market, the suppliers have a tendency of increasing the prices of commodities. This is because of the surety that their goods will sell at whichever cost due to scarcity. If the supply of the goods remains low over a period of time, this leads to inflation because the prices will keep on getting higher and higher. This can also portray itself where employers demand more workers than what they can get. In turn, they increase their salary in order to attract more labor which leads to inflation in the long run. Exchange rate is another cause of inflation. This comes about when a nation has increased exposure to the foreign market. It is one of the critical factors that determine the rate of inflation. If the rate of exchange suffers, the local currency loses value to the foreign currency. This leads to the foreign goods becoming expensive to the local consumers which simultaneously lead to the local goods becoming cheap to the consumers in the overseas markets. In simple terms, the import price gets higher than the export price which leads to inflation. National debt is another cause of inflation. If a country has a higher debt, then this can accelerate the levels of inflation to higher rates. This leads to inflation because, if the debt increases, the government of the country is left with two options; to either print more money to pay off the debts or to increase the taxes which will lead to higher revenue hence provide means of settling the debt. Increase in tax is passed dow n to businesses that in turn increase